SystemDesign

Docker Guidelines Dockerfile Best Practices Use Official Base Images Why: Official images are maintained and frequently updated, ensuring reliability and security. How: FROM node:14-alpine Minimize Image Size Why: Smaller images lead to faster deployments and reduced storage costs. How: Use minimal base images (e.g., Alpine Linux). Remove unnecessary packages and files. Combine commands to reduce layers. RUN apt-get update && \ apt-get install -y package1 package2 && \ rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* Leverage Caching Why: Utilizing Docker’s layer caching speeds up builds. [Read More]

Introduction Kubernetes (k8s) is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. Kubernetes Architecture Masters The master node manages the Kubernetes cluster. It coordinates all activities, such as scheduling, scaling, and updating applications. Components: API Server: The front-end of the Kubernetes control plane. etcd: A distributed key-value store for configuration data. Controller Manager: Manages controllers that handle routine tasks. Scheduler: Assigns workloads to nodes based on resource availability and policies. [Read More]

Introduction to Lua Lua is a powerful, efficient, lightweight, embeddable scripting language. It is designed to be embedded in other applications, providing flexibility and extensibility. Lua is widely used in game development, embedded systems, web applications, and more due to its simple syntax, fast execution, and ease of integration. What is Lua? Key Features Lightweight and Fast: Lua is designed to have a small footprint and execute rapidly, making it ideal for performance-critical applications. [Read More]

Introduction to Nginx Nginx (pronounced as “Engine-X”) is a high-performance, open-source web server, reverse proxy server, and email (IMAP/POP3) proxy server. It is renowned for its ability to handle high concurrency, low memory usage, and exceptional speed, making it a popular choice for serving both static and dynamic content on the web. What is Nginx? Key Features High Performance: Ability to handle thousands of concurrent connections with minimal memory footprint. Reverse Proxying: Acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from servers. [Read More]

Introduction to OpenResty OpenResty is a dynamic web platform that integrates Nginx with the powerful Lua scripting language. It is designed to build scalable web applications, web services, and dynamic web gateways. By combining the high performance of Nginx with the flexibility of Lua, OpenResty enables developers to handle complex processing at the edge of the network. What is OpenResty? OpenResty extends Nginx by bundling it with a set of powerful Lua libraries and modules (known as LuaJIT). [Read More]

How to Solve Cache Penetration? Cache penetration occurs when requests for non-existent data bypass the cache and hit the database repeatedly. Solutions include: Caching Empty Results: Store empty results for non-existent keys with a short expiration time. Bloom Filters: Use a Bloom filter to check if a key exists before querying the database. Rate Limiting: Limit requests for certain keys to prevent overwhelming the database with requests for non-existent data. How to Solve Cache Avalanche? [Read More]

direct-to-storage architecture architecture with Kafka as intermediate buffer What is Jaeger? Jaeger is an open-source, end-to-end distributed tracing system. It helps monitor and troubleshoot transactions in complex, microservices-based architectures. What problem does distributed tracing solve? Distributed tracing helps in understanding the flow of requests through a distributed system, identifying performance bottlenecks, and diagnosing issues in microservices architectures. What are the main components of Jaeger? The main components of Jaeger are: [Read More]

What is Prometheus? Prometheus is an open-source systems monitoring and alerting toolkit. It collects and stores metrics as time series data, allowing for flexible querying and real-time alerting. What are the main components of Prometheus? The main components of Prometheus are: Prometheus server (for scraping and storing time series data) Client libraries (for instrumenting application code) Push gateway (for supporting short-lived jobs) Exporters (for services that don’t expose Prometheus metrics directly) Alertmanager (for handling alerts) How does Prometheus collect metrics? [Read More]

Protocol Buffers 1. Introduction Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) is a language-agnostic, platform-neutral extensible mechanism for serializing structured data. Developed by Google, it aims to be faster, smaller, and simpler than XML. This report provides an in-depth analysis of Protobuf’s principles, performance characteristics, and practical implications. 2. Historical Context and Development Origin: Developed internally at Google in the early 2000s. Open Source Release: Made publicly available in 2008. Versions: Proto1: Initial release (deprecated) Proto2: Introduced optional and required fields Proto3: Simplified syntax, removed required fields 3. [Read More]